THE rise of the President-elect Rodrigo Duterte to the highest office in the land portends peace to our country, which has been wracked by violence for decades if not centuries now.
The Muslims arrived in Sulu in the 9th century as a result of the massacre of the Muslim Arabs in Canton in 877 AD (“The Struggle of the Philippine Muslims: A Historical Perspective” by Dr. Darwin T. Rasul III). From thence Islam began to take root in the islands. In 1450 the Sultanate of Sulu was established, followed by the Sultanate of Mindanao in the 16th century.
The coming of the Spanish conquistadores in the 16th century, however, disrupted life for the Muslims. The Spaniards were able to conquer most of Luzon and the Visayas with their sword and cross. They also attempted to vanquish Muslim Mindanao, but the more organized natives fought back fiercely. Those sent to vanquish them were instead killed. The Spaniards never conquered the Muslims and Mindanao remained to be their land.
Meanwhile, throughout the islands, Andres Bonifacio organized in 1896 the Katipunan (Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan in full, or KKK), a nationwide revolutionary movement to liberate the country from the oppressive and exploitative hands of the colonizers.
In 1898, on the verge of defeat, the Spaniards surrendered, not to the Filipino revolutionaries unfortunately, but to the Americans who pretended to be protectors of the revolutionaries but actually became the new colonizers.
In the Treaty of Paris which was signed between Spain and the US in December 1898, the Philippines was ceded by the former to the latter at the cost of $20 million. Mindanao, which was never colonized by Spain, was part of the territories given to the US.
The Muslims once again resisted colonization. The US, however, more cunning and deceptive than Spain, managed to subjugate the Muslims not through military force, but through the use of the divide-and-rule and the carrot-and-stick tactics. They established a Moro province which was supposed to take care of the needs of the Moro people, but in effect was a way to administratively colonize the Moro people.
They offered amnesty to Moro “rebels,” set up an education program which granted to sons and daughters of Moro leaders free higher education which effectively changed their values and culture to embrace America, and put up foreign government brought by settlers from North Luzon, and started the exploitation of Mindanao’s rich resources. Through the Torrens land titling, the Filipino Muslims lost their land which became public land. Their territories including their ancestral land, are controlled by elite settlers and foreign multinational corporations ((Guiamel M. Alim in “The Bangmoro Struggle for Self-Determination,” June 1995).
When the US granted “independence” to the Philippines, Mindanao was included under the national government despite the protests of the Muslims.
In order to regain their land and freedom, they organized armed resistance against the Philippine government: the Moro National Liberation Front, its breakaway Moro Islamic Liberation Front, and lately the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.
On the other hand, the Filipino people led by the Communist Party of the Philippines, the National Democratic Front of the Philippines and the New People’s Army, are waging an armed protracted people’s war. Started in ‘60’s, the armed resistance is now on its fourth decade.
The ascent of a President Duterte who had shown true friendship with the rebels from both groups in Mindanao gives hope to the Bangsamoro and the Left that genuine peace based on justice is possible.
We support the effort of the incoming Duterte administration to forge peace with Bangsamoro and the Left and unify the whole Filipino people towards progress and peace.--Ecumenical Bishops Forum