SEOUL, South Korea -- North Korea's latest and most powerful nuclear test to date is a game-changer, according to North Korean government.
South Korean Foreign Minister Yun Byung-se said in a meeting in Seoul on Saturday that Friday's test showed North Korea's nuclear capacity has reached a "considerable level" after quickly progressing in the past 10 years.
As with anything reported by Pyongyang, the capital of the authoritarian state run by a third-generation dictator who allows zero dissent or outside investigation, there is a reason to be skeptical.
Even with the North's declaration that it has rounded a crucial corner in nuclear development is more rhetoric than real, the content of its claim holds some important clues about where the country's atomic efforts may be heading.
The newest test by North Korea raises many big questions, including:
What did North Korea accomplish
North Korea said its "standardization" of a warhead will allow it to produce "at will and as many as it wants a variety of smaller, lighter and diversified nuclear warheads of higher strike power." This puts "on a higher level (the North's) technology of mounting nuclear warheads on ballistic rockets."
It may indicate North Korea feels it can confidently build miniaturized warheads, mass-produce those weapons and then deploy them on ballistic missiles.
Pyongyang has developed a unified design for nuclear weapons that could be used on a variety of its ballistic missiles, including Scuds, midrange Rodong and Musudan missiles, and submarine-launched missiles, said Kim Dae Young, a military expert at South Korea's Korea Defense and Security Forum.
Combine that with everything scientists have learned from the four previous tests and North Korea may now have nuclear weapons capable of attacking its Asian neighbors, said nuclear expert Whang Joo-ho of Kyung Hee University in South Korea.
Daryl Kimball, executive director of the Washington-based Arms Control Association, provided a similar assessment, saying that North Korea is either at or very close to the point where they can arm short-range ballistic missiles with a nuclear warhead.
"The cumulative knowledge of the five nuclear test explosions and the dozens of ballistic missile tests, especially in the last 12 months, are giving their technical people greater confidence that they can deploy warheads on their ballistic missiles. If they have not reached that capability today, they certainly will relatively soon with further nuclear test explosions and ballistic missile tests," Kimball said.
Whatever the state of the program, one thing is clear: The fifth test was the most powerful to date.
Seoul said the magnitude-5.0 seismic event dwarfs the four past quakes associated with North Korean nuclear tests.
Artificial seismic waves measuring 3.9 were reported after North Korea's first nuclear test in 2006, for instance, and a 4.8 was reported from its fourth test this January.
The explosive yield of Friday's blast would have been 10 to 12 kilotons, or 70 to 80 percent of the force of the 15-kiloton atomic bomb the United States dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in 1945, according to South Korea's weather agency.
The North's fourth test in January was an estimated 6 kilotons.
This power strongly indicates a legitimate advance.
"If previous tests were conducted with the purpose of acquiring the nuclear bomb, the newest test shows that the North finally owns a real, weaponized nuclear bomb," Kim said.
The RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded US think tank, said in a 2010 report that the detonation of a 10-kilton nuclear weapon in the South Korean capital of Seoul could cause more than 200,000 deaths and would easily overwhelm doctors and beds in hospitals throughout the country.
What can it build now?
The big question is whether Pyongyang can make warheads small and light enough to be armed on a missile that can reach the mainland United States.
Kimball from the Arms Control Association said North Korea has not yet demonstrated the ability to launch a medium- or long-range missile that can re-enter the Earth's atmosphere and is still years away from having an intercontinental ballistic missile that can deliver a nuclear warhead that can hit the continental US
If the North has mastered miniaturization, the next step would be making and stamping bombs that can be put on warheads.
But how many?
North Korea is a very poor country and has much less to work with the United States and Soviet Union did in their nascent nuclear stages which means Pyongyang likely can't develop different warheads for different missiles.
Much also depends on how much nuclear fuel the country has.
Estimates vary, but North Korea may have about 40 kilograms (88 pounds) of weapons-grade plutonium, according to a 2014 South Korean report, which is enough for about seven atomic bombs.
But Pyongyang also has a highly enriched uranium program, which is much more easily concealed and which outsiders know very little about.
If that program is advanced, the North could have much more fuel for bomb-building.
Stephen Schwartz, an independent nuclear weapons expert, said that North Korea's statement about the test suggested that the detonated nuclear device employed a composite fissile core that used both plutonium and highly enriched uranium, which, if true, would enable the North to build more nuclear weapons than would be otherwise possible with plutonium or uranium alone.
Are more tests coming?
It's a possibility.
Lee Choon Geun, analyst at South Korea's Science and Technology Policy Institute said new tests would help improve the design of North Korean warheads and develop a stronger "boosted" hybrid bomb, which uses some nuclear fusion fuel with conventional uranium or plutonium fuel to achieve a larger explosive force.
But North Korea has vowed to pursue both nuclear and economic development.
This test, portrayed as an overwhelming success, could allow the North to turn more attention to its moribund economy and a population that often struggles to find enough to eat.
What's rhetoric? What's real?
Some outsiders were struck by the name of the agency that announced the nuclear test, something called the Nuclear Weapons Institute, which hasn't appeared previously in North Korean media.
This important-sounding institute may be a way for Pyongyang to set another important goal: that it considers itself a full-fledged nuclear weapons state, despite a refusal by Washington, Seoul and others to accept the North in this role.
From a purely propaganda point of view, the North's statement Friday satisfies an important requirement: It portrays a strong, proud country led by a great leader.
Whether the North's announcement of its test is simply the same mixture of boast, threat and propaganda that characterizes much of what North Korea chooses to show in its tightly controlled state media, or a major nuclear advancement, the picture that the North paints for the world may be as important as what actually happened. (AP)